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- <text id=94TT1170>
- <title>
- Sep. 05, 1994: Health:Is a Low-Fat Diet Risky?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Sep. 05, 1994 Ready to Talk Now?:Castro
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- HEALTH, Page 62
- Is a Low-Fat Diet Risky?
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> A controversial new study suggests that making meals too lean
- could be dangerous to your health
- </p>
- <p>By J. Madeleine Nash
- </p>
- <p> It used to be so simple: butter is bad. Margarine is better.
- Vegetable oils are best. And too much fat of any sort is not
- good for you. But these easy guidelines have given way to a
- bewildering--and at times contradictory--smorgasbord of
- dietary dos and don'ts. Salads drizzled with olive oil are O.K.
- Confections rich in coconut oil aren't. Fish oil gets two thumbs
- up. Margarine receives rancid reviews. "I swear to God, it's
- confusing," declares Peter Summers, a retired health-care specialist
- who lives in San Francisco. "First I went to margarine. But
- then I found out that margarine wasn't so great, and I went
- back to butter. I must have changed my diet six times. What
- I do is study what the experts say, think about it and just
- throw up my hands."
- </p>
- <p> Now Summers has reason to throw up his hands again. The latest
- dispatch from the front lines of America's losing fight against
- fat--one sure to fluster consumers as they frantically scan
- the nutritional labels on supermarket shelves--comes from
- the Boston University Medical Center. Not only do some fats
- appear to be less harmful than others, say Dr. Edward Siguel
- and his colleague Dr. Robert Lerman, but diets deficient in
- "good" fats may actually be dangerous to human health. Backing
- up this startling assertion is a study Siguel and Lerman published
- in the journal Metabolism. In 47 patients with heart disease,
- they reported, blood levels of compounds known as essential
- fatty acids were strikingly lower than the levels found in healthy
- people.
- </p>
- <p> Fatty acids, the building blocks for fat, are divided into three
- chemical classes according to their hydrogen content: saturated,
- mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated. Only the polyunsaturated
- ones are considered "essential," meaning they cannot be manufactured
- by the body. Like minerals and vitamins, they must be ingested
- as food. "If we don't eat enough," says Siguel, "then we won't
- have enough." And that would be unfortunate, for these compounds--principally linoleic acid and linolenic acid--are vital
- to the maintenance of cell membranes and to the manufacture
- of potent chemical messengers that regulate everything from
- blood pressure to the firing of nerves.
- </p>
- <p> "Essential-fatty-acid deficiency," Siguel sweepingly declares,
- "is perhaps the most important health problem in America." When
- essential fatty acids are in short supply, he explains, the
- body compensates by substituting other types of fatty acids
- that have a less supple biochemical structure. As polyunsaturates
- are replaced by these other compounds, cell membranes become
- more rigid, leading to progressive hardening of the arterial
- walls.
- </p>
- <p> Fortunately, antidotes to this problem abound. Varying amounts
- of linoleic and linolenic acid are found in different kinds
- of cooking and salad oils--among them corn, soybean, safflower
- and walnut oils. They are also present in seeds, nuts and green
- vegetables like broccoli. But don't look for polyunsaturated
- oils in processed grains, advises Siguel. Food manufacturers
- generally remove these spoilage-prone compounds from pasta,
- bread and breakfast cereal in order to lengthen the shelf life
- of their products. Thus, Siguel ventures, a slice of pizza made
- with soybean oil may be healthier than portions of some low-fat
- foods containing the same calorie count.
- </p>
- <p> What's wrong with this picture? Quite a lot, argues Dr. Scott
- Grundy of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center,
- an expert on the role of fat in heart disease. For starters,
- he says, there is no reason to believe that essential-fatty-acid
- deficiency is widespread. On average, Americans consume more
- of these fatty acids than their bodies require--and that could
- be a problem. In laboratory animals, too much polyunsaturated
- fat has been linked to suppression of the immune system and
- the growth of malignant tumors. There is even reason to suspect
- that fatty acids derived from polyunsaturated oils might contribute
- to heart disease. Why? Fatty acids are components of the molecules
- that transport cholesterol around the body. But these acids
- are sometimes converted, scientists believe, into a form that
- may trigger the process of atherosclerosis. Polyunsaturated
- compounds, it turns out, are particularly prone to this sort
- of alteration.
- </p>
- <p> So maybe people shouldn't swill soybean-oil cocktails just because
- of the Boston University report. "Give me a break," exclaims
- Dr. William Castelli, director of the Framingham Heart Study
- in Massachusetts. "This was a very, very tiny study." The observation
- that heart-disease patients have low levels of essential fatty
- acids is interesting and deserves follow-up, but it hardly provides
- proof of cause and effect. In time, perhaps, a more convincing
- link will emerge.
- </p>
- <p> Meanwhile, all those aging couch potatoes concerned about their
- heart might as well tune out the cacophony of opinions that
- results from incomplete knowledge and focus on a few unchanging
- verities. The reputations of margarine and soybean oil may rise
- and fall many times over. But butter is still bad. Fruits and
- vegetables are still good. And most scientists still agree that
- Americans eat too much fat of all kinds.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-